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![]() We’re kickstarting this roundup with some of the best Windows 10 Store games in 2016, but we’re committed to always updating it with new titles as they appear.That is why we have compiled a list with some of the best Windows 8, Windows 1. Bridge games that you can play, be it alone, or in multiplayer mode, against friends or “enemies” from all over the world. There are free and paid Bridge games, depending on what you’re looking for. Unfortunately, there aren’t too many Bridge games in the Windows Store, but I hope developers will work on some more aps for your Contract Bridge cards game love. Here’s a short description, for those that are yet discovering and learning about this game: The game consists of several deals, each progressing through four phases: dealing the cards, the auction (also referred to as bidding), playing the hand, and scoring the results. However most club and tournament play involves some variant of duplicate bridge, where the cards are not re- dealt on each occasion, the same deal being played by two or more different sets of players to enable comparative scoring. In its most basic form, bridge is a game played by four people in two teams of competing partnerships. For purposes of scoring and reference, each player is identified by one of the points of the compass and thus North and South play against East and West. More can participate, either as individuals or pairs or as teams of up to six, in formal tournaments or social gatherings where the governing rules of the event are prescribed by the sponsoring host. The paid Bridge games for Windows 1. Windows 8 and other operating systems have quite a high price and they are probably meant for professional gamers or those that are part of some teams or play in tournaments. My favorite Bridge game to play on Windows 1. Windows 8 is Quick. Bridge. While it’s not an application that you could use on a touchscreen device, it’s one that you’d be delighted to know that is completely free, without making any compromises in the quality of the game. From the game’s description: Sharpen your skills at the Bridge table with this fun, free and easy- to- use game of Contract Bridge. You play for South and North (We) while the computer plays for East and West (They). Uses the Standard American Bidding system with Stayman and Blackwood conventions. This Windows 8, Windows 1. Quick. Bridge game got me glued to the screen for a good couple of hours, so play it with maximum care! This app brings the classic card game “Contract Bridge” in the Windows Store apps. There are two game modes – one player game and rubber bridge. Being based on the Whist card game, Bridge is played by four players that use 5. From the app description which briefly explains the rules of the game: Each player is assigned the direction of N(north), E(east), S(south), W(West) and they sit on seats around the table. W with E and N with S are 2 pairs(S is always you in this app), and 2 pairs compete one another. One starts from “auction” and second “play”. In the auction, a player in the turn calls a number(“level”) and a suit(“denomination”) like “1, club”. The level = “How many tricks is our pair planning to take beyond the half(6 of 1. The denomination = “Which suit is the trump”. What I didn’t like about the app is that the cards in this Bridge game app could’ve been bigger, for a better visual experience, but maybe the developers will improve this with a future update. The good thing is that you won’t have to pay a dime as this Bridge app is completely free. Not a cheap bridge game this is, but the makers of Bridge Baron claim that this is “the best bridge computer game”, so maybe we should believe them, heh? There are many products from Great. Game. Products, and even Bridge teaching software. Bridge Baron is now at version 2. Bridge games. If you buy the product for the first time, you will have to invest $6. But there is also a trial period if you want to test it on your Windows 1. Windows 8 device. The Bridge Game CD contains the following language versions ofthe game – English, German, French. The Bridge card game is often regarded as being methodical which makes many Bridge players fanatical and dedicated to the game. The Bridge game developed by Special K also has an extensive help file, which makes it ideal for beginners but also for experts who are looking to fine tune their knowledge of the Bridge game. Tags: windows 8 games. Kids Games Windows 8 Tablet - Free downloads and reviews. Video Games for Windows 8. 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Mania event, attacking a person whose head had been replaced with the CNN logo. Two days later, CNN reporter Andrew Kaczynski wrote an article about the origins of the video and the anonymous Reddit user who had made it. The article quickly turned into a scandal for CNN, as Trump supporters and media ethicists both accused the network of blackmailing or bullying the video creator, a Reddit user calling himself Han. Asshole. Solo, by threatening to expose his real identity. ![]() The Intercept’s Glenn Greenwald, in his version of the indictment, argued that “one of the nation’s most powerful media corporations is explicitly threatening a critic with exposure” and that CNN had chosen to “threaten and punish a random, obscure citizen.” Right- wing Twitter accounts published the address and other personal information of Kaczynski and his family as an act of retaliation. The backlash caught CNN by surprise—in part, according to people familiar with the editing process, because the passage in the story that provoked the backlash had been written by a network executive as a defensive measure to explain their sourcing decision. The sources say the ongoing media morality play has been based on false assumptions about the purpose of the story, and about how a thorny reporting process had unfolded. The result is a case study in how not to avoid outrage. CNN published Kaczynski’s article on July 4. Earlier that day, Han. Asshole. Solo, who had originally celebrated Trump’s attention, posted a public apology for having created the GIF that went into Trump’s tweeted video, and for having posted a variety of racist memes, including a chart listing prominent Jews who work for CNN. The apology came after Kaczynski had managed to identify the user and send him an email, but before the user had responded to Kaczynski and confirmed his real name. In the piece, Kaczynski chose not to publish the user’s real name. The part of story that explained the decision, the product of internal discussions at CNN, was what critics attacked as being awkward at best and blackmail at worst: CNN is not publishing “Han. On July 2, President Donald Trump tweeted out a video showing himself, as he had appeared in a 2007 WrestleMania event, attacking a person whose head had been.A**hole. Solo’s” name because he is a private citizen who has issued an extensive statement of apology, showed his remorse by saying he has taken down all his offending posts, and because he said he is not going to repeat this ugly behavior on social media again. In addition, he said his statement could serve as an example to others not to do the same. CNN reserves the right to publish his identity should any of that change. 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Because the passage appeared under Kaczynski’s byline, it fell to him to defend it on Twitter: “This line is being misinterpreted. It was intended only to mean we made no agreement . In the course of editing the article, a CNN source told Buzz. Feed’s Steven Perlberg, “someone . It does not sound like something a typical journalist would write on their own.”This theory was corroborated by five people with knowledge of the editorial process that led to publication. According to those people, the passage was drafted and proposed by Richard “Rick” Davis, a 3. CNN who is the network’s Executive Vice President of News Standards and Practices. It was added at or very near to the final stage of editing—long after Kaczynski had concluded his reporting. Davis’s proposed wording was not inserted by edict, nor did it fall outside CNN’s normal editorial process, said the people familiar with Davis’s involvement. Kaczynski’s article was seen by a large number of editors at the network, and it went through all of the established procedures prior to publication. The story of Han. Asshole. Solo’s apology was moving quickly on Tuesday, however, which meant that the process was not as a deliberative as it might have otherwise been. Throughout the editing and review, nobody flagged Davis’s proposed language as troublesome. There were three main reasons for this oversight, the sources said: CNN wanted to publish a timely piece, given that the apology had already been posted; Davis wasn’t asking for any parts of the story to be caveated or removed (a common occurrence in pre- publication vetting); and, perhaps most importantly, Kaczynski’s team, known as KFILE, didn’t regard the question of naming or not naming Han. Asshole. Solo as the central point of the story in the first place. Kaczynski and his KFILE colleagues, the sources said, had begun the investigation in hopes of determining the exact journey that Han. Asshole. Solo’s GIF had taken from Reddit to President Trump’s Twitter. They were especially curious about what role the White House’s social media director, Dan Scavino, may have had in finding and distributing the clip—wanting to know if Han. Asshole. Solo had been in contact with Scavino, and if so, who had initiated it. Ultimately, CNN found no cooperation between Han. Asshole. Solo and Scavino. The fact that the Trump administration had plucked this particular user out of obscurity, without his permission, made the decision not to name him a simple one, these people said. But readers took the passage about the decision to mean that CNN had only granted Han. Asshole. Solo anonymity because of the apology. Even while CNN was startled by the reaction, some employees privately agreed that Davis’s language, about “CNN reserv. At the same time, according to the sources, CNN’s executive leadership resisted calls to remove the passage or clarify its meaning. Their reasoning: Any edits or changes to the article itself would suggest CNN had done something wrong, which would only embolden its army of enemies, many of whom believe the network is hopelessly biased against Trump. Instead, the network issued a statement on July 5 that said, in part, “Any assertion that the network blackmailed . They pointed out that many of CNN’s leaders aren’t regular users of social media, where much of the backlash fomented and where Kaczynski has received near- constant harassment. Davis, for example, does not appear to have a Twitter account. Kaczynski and his colleagues now find themselves in the position of trying to defend their work without defending the apparently threatening passage. And the fact that CNN has adopted a bunker mentality against pro- Trump critics suggests that the passage is here to stay. At this point, altering or removing the passage would amount to second- guessing CNN’s leadership. After all, the text employs an institutional voice—“CNN reserves the right”—in which only a handful of executives, including Davis, are allowed to write. Another such executive is Jeff Zucker, the president of CNN. The people familiar with the editorial process gave varying accounts of how closely Zucker was involved in Kaczynski’s article prior to publication, but otherwise confirmed that he was aware that the article was in the pipeline, and familiar with its contents. Zucker did not respond to a request for comment, and did not directly address the controversy in a Wednesday interview with the New York Times. CNN’s handling of the story has led to predictable consequences for Kaczynski, who continues to face threats and harassment directed at him and his family. Kaczynski referred our questions to a CNN spokesperson, who declined to discuss the network’s editorial practices. Davis did not respond to requests for comment. This story was produced by Gizmodo Media Group’s Special Projects Desk. Email the author at trotter@gizmodomedia. Social Contract Theory . Socrates uses something quite like a social contract argument to explain to Crito why he must remain in prison and accept the death penalty. However, social contract theory is rightly associated with modern moral and political theory and is given its first full exposition and defense by Thomas Hobbes. After Hobbes, John Locke and Jean- Jacques Rousseau are the best known proponents of this enormously influential theory, which has been one of the most dominant theories within moral and political theory throughout the history of the modern West. In the twentieth century, moral and political theory regained philosophical momentum as a result of John Rawls’ Kantian version of social contract theory, and was followed by new analyses of the subject by David Gauthier and others. More recently, philosophers from different perspectives have offered new criticisms of social contract theory. In particular, feminists and race- conscious philosophers have argued that social contract theory is at least an incomplete picture of our moral and political lives, and may in fact camouflage some of the ways in which the contract is itself parasitical upon the subjugations of classes of persons. Table of Contents Socrates' Argument Modern Social Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes John Locke Jean- Jacques Rousseau More Recent Social Contract Theories John Rawls' A Theory of Justice David Gauthier Contemporary Critiques of Social Contract Theory Feminist Arguments The Sexual Contract The Nature of the Liberal Individual Arguing from Care Race- Conscious Argument Conclusion References and Further Reading 1. Socrates' Argument. In the early Platonic dialogue, Crito, Socrates makes a compelling argument as to why he must stay in prison and accept the death penalty, rather than escape and go into exile in another Greek city. He personifies the Laws of Athens, and, speaking in their voice, explains that he has acquired an overwhelming obligation to obey the Laws because they have made his entire way of life, and even the fact of his very existence, possible. They made it possible for his mother and father to marry, and therefore to have legitimate children, including himself. Having been born, the city of Athens, through its laws, then required that his father care for and educate him. Socrates' life and the way in which that life has flourished in Athens are each dependent upon the Laws. Importantly, however, this relationship between citizens and the Laws of the city are not coerced. Citizens, once they have grown up, and have seen how the city conducts itself, can choose whether to leave, taking their property with them, or stay. Staying implies an agreement to abide by the Laws and accept the punishments that they mete out. And, having made an agreement that is itself just, Socrates asserts that he must keep to this agreement that he has made and obey the Laws, in this case, by staying and accepting the death penalty. Importantly, the contract described by Socrates is an implicit one: it is implied by his choice to stay in Athens, even though he is free to leave. In Plato's most well- known dialogue, Republic, social contract theory is represented again, although this time less favorably. In Book II, Glaucon offers a candidate for an answer to the question . What men would most want is to be able to commit injustices against others without the fear of reprisal, and what they most want to avoid is being treated unjustly by others without being able to do injustice in return. Justice then, he says, is the conventional result of the laws and covenants that men make in order to avoid these extremes. Being unable to commit injustice with impunity (as those who wear the ring of Gyges would), and fearing becoming victims themselves, men decide that it is in their interests to submit themselves to the convention of justice. Socrates rejects this view, and most of the rest of the dialogue centers on showing that justice is worth having for its own sake, and that the just man is the happy man. So, from Socrates’ point of view, justice has a value that greatly exceeds the prudential value that Glaucon assigns to it. These views, in the Crito and the Republic, might seem at first glance inconsistent: in the former dialogue Socrates uses a social contract type of argument to show why it is just for him to remain in prison, whereas in the latter he rejects social contract as the source of justice. These two views are, however, reconcilable. From Socrates' point of view, a just man is one who will, among other things, recognize his obligation to the state by obeying its laws. The state is the morally and politically most fundamental entity, and as such deserves our highest allegiance and deepest respect. Just men know this and act accordingly. Justice, however, is more than simply obeying laws in exchange for others obeying them as well. Justice is the state of a well- regulated soul, and so the just man will also necessarily be the happy man. So, justice is more than the simple reciprocal obedience to law, as Glaucon suggests, but it does nonetheless include obedience to the state and the laws that sustain it. So in the end, although Plato is perhaps the first philosopher to offer a representation of the argument at the heart of social contract theory, Socrates ultimately rejects the idea that social contract is the original source of justice. Modern Social Contract Theory a. Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes, 1. England's history: the English Civil War, waged from 1. To describe this conflict in the most general of terms, it was a clash between the King and his supporters, the Monarchists, who preferred the traditional authority of a monarch, and the Parliamentarians, most notably led by Oliver Cromwell, who demanded more power for the quasi- democratic institution of Parliament. Hobbes represents a compromise between these two factions. On the one hand he rejects the theory of the Divine Right of Kings, which is most eloquently expressed by Robert Filmer in his Patriarcha or the Natural Power of Kings, (although it would be left to John Locke to refute Filmer directly). Filmer’s view held that a king’s authority was invested in him (or, presumably, her) by God, that such authority was absolute, and therefore that the basis of political obligation lay in our obligation to obey God absolutely. According to this view, then, political obligation is subsumed under religious obligation. On the other hand, Hobbes also rejects the early democratic view, taken up by the Parliamentarians, that power ought to be shared between Parliament and the King. In rejecting both these views, Hobbes occupies the ground of one is who both radical and conservative. He argues, radically for his times, that political authority and obligation are based on the individual self- interests of members of society who are understood to be equal to one another, with no single individual invested with any essential authority to rule over the rest, while at the same time maintaining the conservative position that the monarch, which he called the Sovereign, must be ceded absolute authority if society is to survive. Hobbes' political theory is best understood if taken in two parts: his theory of human motivation, Psychological Egoism, and his theory of the social contract, founded on the hypothetical State of Nature. Hobbes has, first and foremost, a particular theory of human nature, which gives rise to a particular view of morality and politics, as developed in his philosophical masterpiece, Leviathan, published in 1. The Scientific Revolution, with its important new discoveries that the universe could be both described and predicted in accordance with universal laws of nature, greatly influenced Hobbes. He sought to provide a theory of human nature that would parallel the discoveries being made in the sciences of the inanimate universe. His psychological theory is therefore informed by mechanism, the general view that everything in the universe is produced by nothing other than matter in motion. According to Hobbes, this extends to human behavior. Human macro- behavior can be aptly described as the effect of certain kinds of micro- behavior, even though some of this latter behavior is invisible to us. So, such behaviors as walking, talking, and the like are themselves produced by other actions inside of us. And these other actions are themselves caused by the interaction of our bodies with other bodies, human or otherwise, which create in us certain chains of causes and effects, and which eventually give rise to the human behavior that we can plainly observe. We, including all of our actions and choices, are then, according to this view, as explainable in terms of universal laws of nature as are the motions of heavenly bodies. The gradual disintegration of memory, for example, can be explained by inertia. As we are presented with ever more sensory information, the residue of earlier impressions . From Hobbes’ point of view, we are essentially very complicated organic machines, responding to the stimuli of the world mechanistically and in accordance with universal laws of human nature. In Hobbes' view, this mechanistic quality of human psychology implies the subjective nature of normative claims. So, too, the terms . Moral terms do not, therefore, describe some objective state of affairs, but are rather reflections of individual tastes and preferences. In addition to Subjectivism, Hobbes also infers from his mechanistic theory of human nature that humans are necessarily and exclusively self- interested. All men pursue only what they perceive to be in their own individually considered best interests - they respond mechanistically by being drawn to that which they desire and repelled by that to which they are averse. Download Music Player Pro APK file v2.3 (uk.hebe3.apk). Music Player Pro is a free and useful Music & Audio app. Download, install and enjoy it now.
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Dynamic decision- making (DDM) is interdependent decision- making that takes place in an environment that changes over time either due to the previous actions of the decision maker or due to events that are outside of the control of the decision maker. These computer simulations are also called “microworlds”. Research in DDM has focused on investigating the extent to which decision makers use their experience to control a particular system; the factors that underlie the acquisition and use of experience in making decisions; and the type of experiences that lead to better decisions in dynamic tasks. Characteristics of dynamic decision- making environments. The dynamics of the environments refers to the dependence of the system’s state on its state at an earlier time. Handbook of Applications of Chaos Theory. Applications of Extreme Value Theory in Dynamical Systems for the Analysis of Blood Pressure Data. Scott Mc Laughlin. Interconnected Dynamical Systems, Raymond A. DeCar/o and Richard Saeks 11. Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook: Second Edition, Revised and. Dynamic decision-making. Opaqueness refers to the physical invisibility of some aspects of a dynamic system and it might also be dependent upon a decision maker. Download and Read Sunbonnet Sue And Scottie At Play Designs In Redwork And Applique. Nonlinear dynamical systems for theory and research in ergonomics. Nonlinear dynamical systems for theory and research in. Handbook of Systems and Complexity. Dynamics in the system could be driven by positive feedback (self- amplifying loops) or negative feedback (self- correcting loops), examples of which could be the accrual of interest in a saving bank account or the assuage of hunger due to eating respectively. Complexity largely refers to the number of interacting or interconnected elements within a system that can make it difficult to predict the behavior of the system. But the definition of complexity could still have problems as system components can vary in terms of how many components there are in the system, number of relationships between them, and the nature of those relationships. Complexity may also be a function of the decision maker's ability. Opaqueness refers to the physical invisibility of some aspects of a dynamic system and it might also be dependent upon a decision maker’s ability to acquire knowledge of the components of the system. Dynamic complexity refers to the decision maker’s ability to control the system using the feedback the decision maker receives from the system. Diehl and Sterman. The opaqueness present in the system might cause unintended side- effects. There might be non- linear relationships between components of a system and feedback delays between actions taken and their outcomes. Simulation, Modeling, and Applied Cognitive Science PhD. The dynamic complexity of a system might eventually make it hard for the decision makers to understand and control the system. Microworlds in DDM research. Research in dynamic decision- making is mostly laboratory- based and uses computer simulation microworld tools (i. Decision Making Games, DMGames). The microworlds are also known by other names, including synthetic task environments, high fidelity simulations, interactive learning environments, virtual environments, and scaled worlds. Microworlds become the laboratory analogues for real- life situations and help DDM investigators to study decision- making by compressing time and space while maintaining experimental control. The DMGames compress the most important elements of the real- world problems they represent and are important tools for collecting human actions DMGames have helped investigate a variety of factors, such as cognitive ability, type of feedback, timing of feedback, strategies used while making decisions, and knowledge acquisition while performing DDM tasks. However, even though DMGames aim to represent the essential elements of real- world systems, they differ from the real- world task in various respects. Stakes might be higher in real- life tasks and expertise of the decision maker has often been acquired over a period of many years rather than minutes, hours or days as in DDM tasks. Thus, DDM differs in many respects from naturalistic decision- making (NDM). In DDM tasks people have been shown to perform below the optimal levels of performance, if an optimal could be ascertained or known. For example, in a forest firefighting simulation game, participants frequently allowed their headquarters to be burned down. One of the main research activities in DDM has been to investigate using microworlds simulations tools the extent to which people are able to learn to control a particular simulated system and investigating the factors that might explain the learning in DDM tasks. Strategy- Based Learning Theory. These rules specify the conditions under which a certain rule or strategy will apply. These rules are of the form if you recognize situation S, then carry out action/strategy A. For example, Anzai. The Anzai strategies did reasonably well to mimic the performance on the task by human participants. Similarly, Lovett and Anderson. There are basically two strategies to use in trying to solve this problem. The undershoot strategy is to take smaller sticks and build up to the target stick. The overshoot strategy is to take the stick longer than the goal and cut off pieces equal in length to the smaller stick until one reaches the target length. Lovett and Anderson arranged it so that only one strategy would work for a particular problem and gave subjects problems where one of the two strategies worked on a majority of the problems (and she counterbalanced over subjects which was the more successful strategy). Connectionism learning theory. Handbook the guggenheim museum collection 1900 1980. The connections between units, whose strength or weighing depend upon previous experience. Thus, the output of a given unit depends upon the output of the previous unit weighted by the strength of the connection. As an example, Gibson et al. According to IBLT, individuals rely on their accumulated experience to make decisions by retrieving past solutions to similar situations stored in memory. Thus, decision accuracy can only improve gradually and through interaction with similar situations. IBLT assumes that specific instances or experiences or exemplars are stored in the memory. In atypical situations (those that are not similar to anything encountered in the past), retrieval from memory is not possible and people would need to use a heuristic (which does not rely on memory) to make a decision. In situations that are typical and where inss can be retrieved, evaluation of the utility of the similar instances takes place until a necessity level is crossed. But the necessity level might also be determined by external environmental factors like time constraints (as in the medical domain with doctors in an emergency room treating patients in a time critical situation). Once that necessity level is crossed, the decision involving the instance with the highest utility is made. The outcome of the decision, when received, is then used to update the utility of the instance that was used to make the decision in the first place (from expected to experienced). This generic decision making process is assumed to apply to any dynamic decision making situation, when decisions are made from experience. The computational representation of IBLT relies on several learning mechanisms proposed by a generic theory of cognition, ACT- R. Currently, there are many decision tasks that have been implemented in the IBLT that reproduces and explains human behavior accurately. There is a time delay built into the game between placing an order by a role and reception of the ordered cases of beer. If a role runs out of beer (i. This might lead people to overstock beer to satisfy any future unanticipated demands. Results, contrary to economic theory which predicts a long term stable equilibrium, show people ordering too much. This happens because the time delay between placing an order and receiving inventory makes people think that the inventory is running out as new orders come in, so they react and place larger orders. Once they build up the inventory and realize the incoming orders they drastically cut future orders which leads the beer industry experience oscillating patterns of over- ordering and under- ordering, that is, costly cycles of boom and bust. Similar examples on effects of feedback delay have been reported among fire fighters in a fire fighting game called NEWFIRE in the past where on account of task complexity and feedback delay between actions of firefighters and outcomes, led participants to frequently allow their headquarters to be burned down. Effects of proportional thinking in DDM Tasks. Many adults have shown a failure to interpret a basic principle of dynamics: a stock (or accumulation) rises (or falls) when the inflow exceeds (or is less than) the outflow. This problem, termed Stock- Flow failure (SF Failure), has been shown to be persistent even in simple tasks, with well motivated participants, in familiar contexts and simplified information displays. The belief that the stock behaves like the flows is a common but wrong heuristic (named the “correlation heuristic. Larrick & Soll, 2. De Bock 2. 00. 2; Greer, 1. Van Dooren et al., 2. Van Dooren et al., 2. Verschaffel et al., 1. Individual Differences in DDM. Although individual differences exist and are often shown on DDM tasks, there has been a debate on whether these differences arise as a result of differences in cognitive abilities. Some studies have failed to find evidence of a link between cognitive abilities as measured by intelligence tests and performance on DDM tasks. But later studies contend that this lack is due to absence of reliable performance measures on DDM tasks. Under demanding conditions of workload, low ability participants do not show improvement in performance in either training or test trials. Evidence shows that low ability participants use more heuristics particularly when the task demands faster trials or time pressure and this happens both during training and test conditions. This does not discount research in the laboratory but reveals the broad conception of the research underlying DDM. Under the DDM in the real world people are more interested in processes like goal setting, planning, perceptual and attention processes, forecasting, comprehension processes and many others including attending to feedback. The study of these processes brings DDM research closer to situation awareness and expertise. For example, it has been shown in DDM research that motorists who have more than 1. |
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